A
Aggregate Demand
The sum of government spending, personal consumption expenditures, and business expenditures.
Appreciation
A currency is said to ‘appreciate ‘ when it strengthens in price in response to market demand.
Arbitrage
The purchase or sale of an instrument and simultaneous taking of an equal and opposite position in a related market, in order to take advantage of small price differentials between markets.
Around
Dealer jargon used in quoting when the forward premium/discount is near parity. For example, “two-two around” would translate into 2 points to either side of the present spot.
Ask Rate
The rate at which a financial instrument if offered for sale (as in bid/ask spread).
Asset Allocation
Investment practice that divides funds among different markets to achieve diversification for risk management purposes and/or expected returns consistent with an investor’s objectives.
B
Bar Charts
Standard bar charts are commonly used to convey price activity into an easily readable chart. Usually four elements make up a bar chart, the Open, High, Low, and Close for the trading session/time period. A price bar can represent any time frame the user wishes, from 1 minute to 1 month. The total vertical length/height of the bar represents the entire trading range for the period. The top of the bar represents the highest price of the period, and the bottom of the bar represents the lowest price of the period. The Open is represented by a small dash to the left of the bar, and the Close for the session is a small dash to the right of the bar.
Base Currency
In general terms, the base currency is the currency in which an investor or issuer maintains its book of accounts. In the FX markets, the US Dollar is normally considered the ‘base’ currency for quotes, meaning that quotes are expressed as a unit of $1 USD per the other currency quoted in the pair. The primary exceptions to this rule are the British Pound, the Euro and the Australian Dollar.
Bear Market - A market distinguished by declining prices.
Bear Market
A market distinguished by declining prices.
Bid Rate
The rate at which a trader is willing to buy a currency.
Bid/Ask Spread
The difference between the bid and offer price, and the most widely used measure of market liquidity.
Big Figure
Dealer expression referring to the first few digits of an exchange rate. These digits rarely change in normal market fluctuations, and therefore are omitted in dealer quotes, especially in times of high market activity. For example, a USD/Yen rate might be 107.30/107.35, but would be quoted verbally without the first three digits i.e. “30/35”.
Book
In a professional trading environment, a ‘book’ is the summary of a trader’s or desk’s total positions.
Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944
An agreement that established fixed foreign exchange rates for major currencies, provided for central bank intervention in the currency markets, and pegged the price of gold at US $35 per ounce. The agreement lasted until 1971, when President Nixon overturned the Bretton Woods agreement and established a floating exchange rate for the major currencies.
Bull Market - A market distinguished by rising prices.
Broker
An individual or firm that acts as an intermediary, putting together buyers and sellers for a fee or commission. In contrast, a ‘dealer’ commits capital and takes one side of a position, hoping to earn a spread (profit) by closing out the position in a subsequent trade with another party.
Bundesbank
Germany’s Central Bank.
Buying/Selling
In the forex market currencies are always priced in pairs; therefore all trades result in the simultaneous buying of one currency and the selling of another. The objective of currency trading is to buy the currency that increases in value relative to the one you sold. If you have bought a currency and the price appreciates in value, then you must sell the currency back in order to lock in the profit.
C
Cable
Trader jargon referring to the Sterling/US Dollar exchange rate. So called because the rate was originally transmitted via a transatlantic cable beginning in the mid 1800’s.
Candlestick Chart
A chart that indicates the trading range for the day as well as the opening and closing price. If the open price is higher than the close price, the rectangle between the open and close price is shaded. If the close price is higher than the open price, that area of the chart is not shaded.
Central Bank
A government or quasi-governmental organization that manages a country’s monetary policy. For example, the US central bank is the Federal Reserve, and the German central bank is the Bundesbank. others include the ECB, BOE, BOJ.
Chartist
An individual who uses charts and graphs and interprets historical data to find trends and predict future movements. Also referred to as Technical Trader.
Choice Market
A market with no spread. All trades buys and sells occur at that one price
Clearing
The process of settling a trade.
Collateral
Something given to secure a loan or as a guarantee of performance.
Commission
A transaction fee charged by a broker.
Confirmation
A document exchanged by counterparts to a transaction that states the terms of said transaction.
Contagion
The tendency of an economic crisis to spread from one market to another. In 1997, political instability in Indonesia caused high volatility in their domestic currency, the Rupiah. From there, the contagion spread to other Asian emerging currencies, and then to Latin America, and is now referred to as the ‘Asian Contagion’.
Contract
The standard unit of trading.
Counterparty
One of the participants in a financial transaction.
Country Risk
Risk associated with a cross-border transaction, including but not limited to legal and political conditions such as war etc.
Cross Rates
The exchange rate between two currencies expressed as the ratio of two foreign exchange rates that are both expressed in terms of a third currency. Foreign exchange rate between two currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which most exchanges are usually quoted.
Currency Risk
the probability of an adverse change in exchange rates.
D
Day Trading
Refers to positions which are opened and closed on the same trading day.
Dealer
An individual who acts as a principal or counterpart to a transaction. Principals take one side of a position, hoping to earn a spread (profit) by closing out the position in a subsequent trade with another party. In contrast, a broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary, putting together buyers and sellers for a fee or commission.
Deficit
A negative balance of trade or payments.
Delivery
An FX trade where both sides make and take actual delivery of the currencies traded.
Depreciation
A fall in the value of a currency due to market forces.
E
Economic Indicator
Economic indicators such as GDP, foreign investment, and the trade balance reflect the general health of an economy, and are therefore responsible for the underlying shifts in supply and demand for that currency.
End Of Day Order (EOD)
An order to buy or sell at a specified price. This order remains open until the end of the trading day which is typically 5PM ET.
EURO
since 2002 the Euro has been the currency of the European Monetary Union (EMU). A replacement for the European Currency Unit (ECU). Members of the EMU are Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Portugal.
F
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
The regulatory agency responsible for administering bank depository insurance in the US.
Federal Reserve System
The central bank of the United States, with responsibility for implementing the country's monetary policy and regulating member banks of the System. The Fed was created in 1913 and is composed of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a national Board of Governors
Fixed Exchange Rate
Official rate set by monetary authorities for one or more currencies
Flat/square
Dealer jargon used to describe a position that has been completely reversed, e.g. you bought $500,000 then sold $500,000, thereby creating a neutral (flat) position.
Floating Exchange Rates
Floating exchange rates refer to the value of a currency as decided by supply and demand
Foreign Exchange
(Forex, FX) is the simultaneous buying of one currency while selling for another. This market of exchange has more buyers and sellers and daily volume than any other in the world. Taking place in the major financial institutions across the globe, the forex market is open 24-hours a day.
Forward
The pre-specified exchange rate for a foreign exchange contract settling at some agreed future date, based upon the interest rate differential between the two currencies involved.
Forward Contract
A forward contract fixes the exchange rate for future delivery at a date to be agreed by both participants. A deposit (or a minimum margin) is usually required in forward transactions. For example, if I want to lock in today's rate to buy $10,000 USD at 1.5820 Canadian for the next 4 months, I will have the ability to purchase up to $10,000 USD at this rate.
Forward points
The pips added to or subtracted from the current exchange rate to calculate a forward price.
Forward Rates (Swaps)
A Forward Rate refers to a cash price of 2 currencies interest difference for a fixed term. Forward rates can be calculated easily given the fixed term interest rates of each currency and the current spot rate
Fundamental Analysis
focuses on the economic forces of supply and demand that causes price movement. The Fundamentalist studies the causes of market movement, whereas the Technician studies the effects.
G
Goldilocks Economy
was a term coined back in the mid-1902 to describe an economy that was not too hot and not too cold. This typically describes an economy that enjoyed steady growth with nominal rate of inflation.
Group of Seven (7)
are 7 leading non-communist industrial nations composed of G5 plus Canada and Italy.
Group of Ten (G10)
is also known as The Paris Club which includes Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, UK and US. These nations signed an accord in 1962 to increase the fund available to the IMF and aid member countries with balance-of- payments difficulties.
H
Hedging
A hedging transaction is a purchase or sale of a financial product, having as its purpose the elimination of loss arising from price fluctuations. With regards to currency transactions it would protect one against fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate. (see Forward Contract)
I
Inflation
An economic condition whereby prices for consumer goods rise, eroding purchasing power.
Initial margin
The initial deposit of collateral required to enter into a position as a guarantee on future performance.
Interbank Rates
The Foreign Exchange rates at which large international banks quote other large international banks.
L
Leading Indicators
Statistics that are considered to predict future economic activity.
LIBOR
The London Inter-Bank Offered Rate. Banks use LIBOR when borrowing from another bank.
Limit order
An order with restrictions on the maximum price to be paid or the minimum price to be received. As an example, if the current price of USD/YEN is 102.00/05, then a limit order to buy USD would be at a price below 102. (ie 101.50)
Line Charts
The Line Chart connects single prices for a selected time period.
Liquidation
The closing of an existing position through the execution of an offsetting transaction.
Long position
A position that appreciates in value if market prices increase. When one buys a currency, their position is long.
M
Margin
The required equity that an investor must deposit to collateralize a position.
Margin call
A request from a broker or dealer for additional funds or other collateral to guarantee performance on a position that has moved against the client. If the equity balance in your account falls below the margin requirement, a margin call will be generated. In the event that an account exceeds its maximum allowable leverage, ALL open positions are liquidated immediately, regardless of the size or the nature of positions held within the account.
Margin Deposit
The margin deposit is not a down payment on a purchase of equity, as many perceive margins to be in the stock markets. Rather, the margin is a performance bond, or good faith deposit, to ensure against trading losses. The margin requirement allows traders to hold a position much larger than the account value, which allow for this high leverage.
In the event that funds in the account fall below margin requirements, brokerage firms will automatically close all open positions.
Mark-to-Market
Process of re-evaluating all open positions with the current market prices. These new values then determine margin requirements.
Market Maker
A dealer who regularly quotes both bid and ask prices and is ready to make a two-sided market for any financial instrument.
Market Risk
Exposure to changes in market prices.
Maturity
The date for settlement or expiry of a financial instrument.
O
Offer
The rate at which a dealer is willing to sell a currency.
Offsetting transaction
A trade with which serves to cancel or offset some or all of the market risk of an open position.
One Cancels the Other Order (OCO)
A designation for two orders whereby one part of the two orders is executed the other is automatically cancelled.
Open order
An order that will be executed when a market moves to its designated price. Normally associated with Good ‘til Cancelled Orders.
Open position
A deal not yet reversed or settled with a physical payment.
Over the Counter (OTC)
Used to describe any transaction that is not conducted over an exchange.
Overnight
A trade that remains open until the next business day.
P
Pips
Digits added to or subtracted from the fourth decimal place, i.e. 0.0001. Also called Points.
Point & Figure charts
The Point & Figure Chart disregards Time and focuses entirely on price activity.
Political Risk
Exposure to changes in governmental policy which will have an adverse effect on an investor’s position.
Position
The netted total holdings of a given currency.
Premium
In the currency markets, describes the amount by which the forward or futures price exceed the spot price.
Price Transparency
Describes quotes to which every market participant has equal access.
Q
Quote
An indicative market price, normally used for information purposes only.
R
Rate
The price of one currency in terms of another, typically used for dealing purposes.
Resistance
A term used in technical analysis indicating a specific price level at which analysis concludes people will sell.
Revaluation
An increase in the exchange rate for a currency as a result of central bank intervention.
Revaluation Rates
The revaluation rates are the market rates used when a trader runs an end-of-day to establish profit and loss for the day.
Risk
Exposure to uncertain change, the variability of returns significantly the likelihood of less- than-expected returns.
Risk Capital
The amount of money that an individual can afford to invest, which, if lost would not affect their lifestyle.
Roll-Over
Process whereby the settlement of a deal is rolled forward to another value date. The cost of this process is based on the interest rate differential of the two currencies.
S
Settlement
The process by which a trade is entered into the books and records of the counterparts to a transaction. The settlement of currency trades may or may not involve the actual physical exchange of one currency for another.
Short Position
An investment position that benefits from a decline in market price. When one sells a currency their position is short.
Spot Price
The current market price. Settlement of spot transactions usually occurs within two business days.
Spot Trade
When you trade foreign exchange you are always quoted a spot price 2 business days in advance. This is under normal conditions where there are no bank holidays in the traded currencies countries or is not over a weekend.
Spot/Next
A currency deposit transaction or the simultaneous purchase and sale of currency, or vice versa by means of swap for spot value day against the next working day.
Spread
The difference between the bid (buy) and offer (ask, sell) prices; in other words the spread is the commission that the brokerage house makes on each trade. This can vary widely between currencies and between brokerage firms. For example, USD/JPY may bid at 131.40 and ask at 131.45, this five-pip spread defines the trader’s cost, which can be recovered with a favorable currency move in the market.
Sterling
slang for British Pound.
Stochastics Oscillator
This technical analysis indicator is based on the premise that during an upward trading market, prices tend to close near their high, and during a downward trading market, prices tend to close near their low.
Stop Loss Order
Order type whereby an open position is automatically liquidated at a specific price. Often used to minimize exposure to losses if the market moves against an investor’s position. As an example, if an investor is long USD at 156.27, they might wish to put in a stop loss order for 155.49, which would limit losses should the dollar depreciate, possibly below 155.49.
Support Levels
A term used in technical analysis indicating a specific price level at which a currency will have the inability to cross below. Recurring failure for the price to move below that point produces a pattern that can usually be shaped by a straight line. It is the opposite of Resistance levels.
Swap
A currency swap is the simultaneous sale and purchase of the same amount of a given currency at a forward exchange rate.
T
Technical Analysis
An effort to forecast prices by analyzing market action through chart study,
volume, trends, moving averages, patterns, formations and many other technical indicators.
Tick
Minimum price move.
Ticker
Shows current and/or recent history of a currency either in the format of a graph or table.
Tomorrow Next (Tom/Next)
Simultaneous buying and selling of a currency for delivery the following day.
Trend
Simply the direction of the market, usually broken down to three categories….major, intermediate and short-term trends. Three directions are also associated.
Turnover
The total money value of all executed transactions in a given time period; volume.
Two-Way Price
When both a bid and offer rate is quoted for a FX transaction.
U
Uptick
a new price quote at a price higher than the preceding quote.
Uptick Rule
In the U.S., a regulation whereby a security may not be sold short unless the last trade prior to the short sale was at a price lower than the price at which the short sale is executed.
US Prime Rate
The interest rate at which US banks will lend to their prime corporate customers
V
Value Date
The date on which counterparts to a financial transaction agree to settle their respective obligations, i.e., exchanging payments. For spot currency transactions, the value date is normally two business days forward. Also known as maturity date.
Variation Margin
Funds a broker must request from the client to have the required margin deposited. The term usually refers to additional funds that must be deposited as a result of unfavorable price movements.
Volume
represents the total amount of trading activity in a particular stock, commodity or index for that day. It is the total number of contracts traded during the day.
W
Weak Dollar/ Strong Dollar
dollar is said to be weak (relative to a previous time period) against another currency when more dollars are required to buy one unit of another currency. The dollar is strong or has gained in strength when fewer dollars are required to buy one unit of another currency. For example, if $1 buys 10 FF in 1989 but today $1 buys only 6 FF then the dollar has weakened against the franc.
Whipsaw
slang for a condition of a highly volatile market where a sharp price movement is quickly followed by a sharp reversal.
Y
Yard
Slang for a billion.
YIELD
Return on capital investment.
Yield Curve
A yield curve is a line that plots the interest rates, at a set point in time, of bonds having equal credit quality but differing maturity dates.
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